
ANGLO-SAXON DECORATIVE MOULDS,
THE BAYLE, FOLKESTONE
Archaeological works to the rear of a dance studio and residential properties on The Bayle in Folkestone in October 2006 revealed a series of cess and rubbish pits, several of which were attributed to probable mid to late Anglo-Saxon activity.
An un-assuming almost pebble-like object covered in sandy silt, was found during the digging of one of these pits. Upon closer inspection, and to the amazement of the excavator at the time, intricate decorative details could be made out and it became clear the object was a broken fragment of a clay mould that once would have been used for the production of fine, decorative metalwork. A second mould was later found from the same pit.
Date: Probable mid-late Anglo-Saxon (AD720-1066)
OBJECT
Origin and discovery
The moulds were created from high-fired ceramic objects of unknown original size. Comparative clay moulds found within England suggest they were likely to be fairly small in size and either circular or sub-rectangular in shape. Each mould is exceptionally rare and stylistically they are likely to be attributed to the mid to late Anglo-Saxon period, a date confirmed by the presence of the main corpus of pottery recovered from the feature from which they were both found. The moulds were retrieved from the backfill of a roughly circular pit (within a group of inter-cutting pits) that comprised mid to dark silty sand and inclusions of animal bone fragments, sea shells and large daub fragments with imprints of wattle sticks. An assemblage of pottery was also recovered and dated to the eighth to tenth centuries. A group of large Ragstone boulders were dumped into the upper fill of the pit. Of these, most revealed signs of scorching on their outer surface, whilst one further boulder, which had broken in two, had the remains of mortar adhering onto some of its outer surface suggesting possible reuse of masonry material for the construction of a hearth or furnace. A date no later than the late Anglo-Saxon period is suggested for the abandonment of the pit. Further archaeological investigations in the local area, as part of a CAT-led community project from 2010–2013, indicated there is a deep overburden of late and post-medieval top-soils across the Bayle area, and this combined with the small size of the gardens and open spaces in the area, makes archaeological investigation of any surviving Anglo-Saxon deposits on the Bayle extremely difficult, certainly if excavation is restricted to small test-pits. The location of the actual minster church itself, as opposed to its surrounding complex, remains unclear, though historical documents suggest ancient masonry structures on the Bayle, some of which may have been situated close to the edge of the cliff. Whether remains of the minster church survive or not, the combined historical, antiquarian and archaeological evidence points towards an extensive complex, including areas for craft-working and storage, along with a burial ground focused on a minster church, existing on the Bayle headland from the mid seventh century onwards. This complex provides the nucleus around which the town and port of Folkestone developed in later centuries. The discovery of the decorative moulds weren’t the only significant finds from the evaluation site of 2006. In addition, and of great importance, was the finding of an assemblage of struck flint flakes, associated with tool manufacturing along with the recovery of a large flint scraping tool, and the identification of the presence of a prehistoric topsoil horizon within the northern end of the site, suggest occupation of the immediate vicinity in the later Neolithic period.
Use
The moulds would have been used for the initial production of fine, decorative metalwork and their presence provides important evidence of craft production within The Bayle area of Folkestone. Molten metal, most likely silver or gold heated to a temperature of about 1000oC, would have been poured into the pre-heated mould and then cooled. Once in solid state, the decorative ends would then have been broken off the casting loop of metal (the latter to be reused). Whether this metalwork was then used for jewellery, amulets, fittings or for book decoration remains unknown.
ARCHIVE
Current Location
Canterbury Archaeological Trust archives.
Catalogue Entry
Site code: HTBF EV 06 Evaluation trench C, Pit 44.
Mould One (the more decorative of the two): lenth 33.17mm, width 32.98mm, thickness 10.03mm.
Mould Two: length 35.30mm, width 23.81mm, thickness 12.28mm.





