
EARLY BRONZE AGE BURIAL ASSEMBLAGE,
THANET EARTH, near MONKTON
A copper dagger, stone wrist-guard and ceramic beaker pot were found as grave goods that accompanied the burial of a high-status male within an early Bronze Age monument. The grave formed a central burial enclosed by a pair of impressive ring-ditches and would originally have been covered by a large earthen mound. The skeletal remains date to between 2193 and 1981 BC, and the dagger is one of the earliest metal objects from the Thanet Earth excavations.
The discovery was made during extensive excavations in 2008 ahead of the construction of the Thanet Earth greenhouse facility.
OBJECT
Origin and discovery
Bronze Age round barrows are earthen funerary mounds that can be found in isolation or as part of a cemetery. They are sometimes referred to as ‘tumuli’ on early maps. Barrows are most commonly associated with a group known as the Beaker People who often buried their dead within round barrow monuments with grave goods that included a distinctive ‘beaker’ style of pottery. Evidence of barrows in the landscape often survive as soil parching and differential crop growth. Surviving upstanding barrow mounds are very rare in Kent as most have been levelled by hundreds of years of plough activity and cultivation. However, there are some amazing examples of surviving barrow mounds elsewhere in the country including in the counties of Wiltshire and Dorset. Machine stripping of soils within in area known as Plateau 6 on the Thanet Earth excavations revealed the ploughed-out remains of a large early Bronze Age round barrow, cut by several features of later date. The remains of the round barrow survived as a pair of concentric ring ditches that were roughly 17m and 22m in diameter respectively, separated by a berm approximately 1m wide. An inhumation grave lay roughly at the centre of the barrow within the circuit of the inner ditch. Barrows were not constructed for all members of the population, and the act of burying a person within the centre of such a grandiose memorial suggests a special celebration of the identity and achievements of the buried. The three surviving objects included as grave goods represent carefully selected artefacts that accompanied the deceased. The greyish-green coloured stone wrist-guard or bracer was found under the lower left arm of the skeleton and perhaps had been bound to the wrist area before burial. It belongs to the amphibolite stone-type group and although the precise source has not been identified, it may have come from the continent, perhaps in Spain or the Alpine region. The copper tanged dagger was found under the right shoulder blade of the skeleton and may have once been strapped to the end of a wooden shaft. The origin of the copper tanged dagger (99% copper) is unknown, however its form suggests a date of 2200–2100 BC. The badly crushed ceramic Beaker pot is in East Anglian style and had been placed at the feet of the skeleton. The beaker pot had been decorated with a series of horizontal bands, filled with cross-hatched incised decoration with undecorated bands between. This type of decoration is typical of early beaker vessels that pre-date 2000 BC. Interestingly, isotope analysis suggests that the individual was local to Kent, or at least in a chalk landscape, unlike some of the other beaker burials identified during the Thanet Earth excavations. The grave lay roughly at the centre of the barrow within the circuit of the inner ditch. The articulated skeleton of an adult male was found at the chalk base of the grave. He had been buried in a crouched position, as was typical during the late Neolithic and early Bronze Age periods. He was approximately 5ft 10” in height and was aged around 30–44 years when he died. Radiocarbon dating of skeletal remains indicates a burial date of c 2193–1981 cal BC and isotope analysis suggests that he grew up locally, or at least in a chalk landscape. The sequence of backfilled deposits within the grave suggests the burial had probably been set within a timber coffin/grave lining. It is even possible he was buried in a hollowed out tree trunk. Of later date than the burial, and located within the very upper level of the grave, were the disarticulated remains of a young child, aged between 4–6 years old. The bones were heavily disturbed, with only fragments of skull, dentition and upper torso surviving. Whether they were a relation to the buried male remains unknown.
Use
The collection of these three grave goods that accompanied the person buried in the Plateau 6 round barrow may have primarily had a functional and purposeful use. Their inclusion as grave goods potentially brings a secondary, ceremonial purpose to these objects and they form a typical beaker ‘package’ of grave goods that have been identified in other barrow burials of the same period. The stone wrist-guard or bracer was found under the lower left arm of the skeleton and perhaps had been bound to the wrist area of the deceased before burial. Stone wrist-guards or bracers, are a frequent find in burials of this date across Europe and are often found in association with daggers in inhumation burials of males. The wrist-guard or bracer has several perforations – three at one end and two at the other – for fastening on to the forearm. One corner of the wrist-guard seems to have been removed prior to burial – an action which might be associated with a symbolic burial rite as similarly damaged wrist-guards or bracers are represented in other Beaker burials. The object itself is assumed to be related to archery, as it was found on the inside of the left wrist, and shows signs of slight wear. Alternatively, the object might have been ornamental or perhaps an originally functional item that had some sort of status symbol. The copper tanged dagger appears to represent one of the earliest metal finds from the Thanet Earth excavations. Being either contemporary to, or possibly older than the skeleton, this item may represent a ceremonial artefact. Copper is a soft metal and would therefore be little use in combat weaponry. Instead, perhaps it was a much-admired item that belonged to the deceased, or even an heirloom, inherited from earlier ancestors. The beaker pot was located in the feet area of the skeleton. The pot was complete though badly crushed and had been laid, or ended up on its side, on the base of the grave. The pot might have originally contained food or a liquid. A large gap existed between the skeleton and the southern edge of the grave and other, possibly organic grave goods may have once been present, but since decayed away. A close parallel to the grave goods is provided by a barrow burial from Barnack, Cambridgeshire dated to 2350–2100 BC. That grave contained a comparable copper dagger and wrist-guard and a very similar beaker with the cross hatched and banded decoration (the burial is on display at the British Museum). It is therefore possible that the broad, early Beaker period date range applied to that burial also relates to the burial here.
ARCHIVE
Current Location
Canterbury Archaeological Trust archives.
Catalogue Entry
Site code: TE P6 EX 08
Beaker: SF9000
The Beaker has a rim diameter of 130mm, a base diameter of 70mm and a height of 170mm. It is a finely made vessel, with thin walls and was made with a fabric recipe which contains finely crushed flint and grog (fabric type GF/1). The rim is very slightly everted, and the body is an S-shaped profile. The rounded waist is set fairly close to the rim and the base is small. This Beaker is characteristic of Clarke’s East Anglian Group. The decoration consists of multiple horizontal lines of incisions, made by inserting a sharp point into the clay. Some of the incisions are quite deep, particularly towards the base area, and others are shallower. The horizontal lines are occasionally broken and uneven. There are five parallel horizontal lines below the rim, followed by a zone of lattice hatching. This is followed by another zone of five horizontal incisions, and an undecorated band. This is then repeated twice, and ends with four fairly deep incised lines, a plain band and finally four slightly uneven horizontal lines. The incised lines towards the bottom end of the Beaker are less regular, and have a stab and drag effect.
Parallels: Lodge Farm, St Osyth, Essex
Possible date: the skeleton was radiocarbon dated to 2193–1981 cal BC (at 95 per cent probability).
Copper Dagger: SF33
Small tanged dagger, complete, of Beaker period, late Neolithic-early Bronze Age date. Length 101mm, width 38mm, thickness 1-2mm. Plateau 6 FN 6.33. Context 6024, Burial 33. Phase 2.
Stone Wrist-Guard: SF34
An archer’s bracer or wristguard formed by an amphibole-bearing rock (Plateau 6 FN6.34 Context 6024 Burial 33). Bracer/wristguard with three perforations at one end and two at the other. There is slight damage to one corner. The bracer from Thanet belongs to a category of artefact which occurs in late Neolithic and early Bronze Age contexts and which is likely to have been more ornamental than practical in function. Length: 92 mm, width: 41 mm at widest end, thickness: 1 mm. Diameter of perforations: 3 mm. Phase 2.

