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LEAD PAPAL BULLAE,
ST ALBANS CATHEDRAL

This object is one of three papal bullae that were found during excavations by CAT at St Alban’s Cathedral in 2017. The bullae were recovered from the burial of an aged male who had been placed within a brick-lined tomb located within ground lying adjacent to the south of the cathedral presbytery. The three papal bullae were once attached to three issues or charters granted to the Abbey of St Albans by Pope Martin V (1417–31) in November 1423. The presence of the bullae, together with documentary records indicate that the skeletal remains within the tomb were that of Abbot John of Wheathampstead, who was abbot of St Alban’s from 1420–40, and again from 1451–65.

Date: 15th Century AD (ca. 1423)

OBJECT

Origin and discovery

John Bostock (c 1390–1465), better known as Abbot John of Wheathampstead, first became the Abbot of St Albans in 1420. In 1423, John was chosen by the Archbishop of Canterbury to travel to Italy as the nominated representative for the English clergy at the general meeting of the Roman church in Pavia. Unfortunately, not only was the meeting moved to Siena due to an outbreak of the plague, but it did also not go well for Abbot John. Frustrated with how the meeting went, John travelled on to Rome to grant an audience with Pope Martin. Following his meeting with the Pope, three papal issues were conferred upon the abbey upon the request of John. The three papal issues granted the following: 1. The monks of St Albans no longer had to adhere to the custom of fasting throughout Lent. 2. The monks were allowed the use of a portable altar. 3. The monks had permission to lease their properties under new terms. The three documents were each sealed with an official lead bulla of Pope Martin V which Abbot John appears to have kept as a memento of these special favours granted to the abbey. These were then buried with John upon his death. It is possible that the original documents were buried with the seals, but these would not have survived and there is no way of knowing if they were included. Excavations by CAT ahead of the development of a Welcome Centre at St Albans Cathedral uncovered the brick-lined tomb and burial within. The tomb was found within the footprint of a lost chapel that lay south-west of the presbytery. Abbot John had connections in high places and was friend to Humphrey of Lancaster, Duke of Gloucester, who was brother to the future Henry V. The duke was a benefactor of St Albans and when he died in 1447, he was buried in the cathedral. John was very successful in making the abbey attractive to great and influential people, which in turn secured funds for the restoration of the abbey building and a large building programme. As part of these works, it is thought that John oversaw the construction of a small chapel on the south part of the abbey church, which he intended to be his final resting place following his death in 1465. However, his chapel was demolished in the late sixteenth or seventeenth century with the ground given over to a parish graveyard. His burial site remained unknown for centuries. Following the discovery of the Abbot’s remains, he was reburied with great ceremony in the cathedral, next to the Shrine of St Alban in 2022. The ceremony was attended by CAT employees who had led the discovery of his remains.

Use

A papal bull is a type of decree or proclamation issued by the Pope. It is named after the leaden seal (bulla) traditionally appended to authenticate the papal document. Made from a round flan of lead, a bulla was attached to the parchment or vellum document by threading a silk or hemp cord through both the document and the bulla itself. Papal bulls were probably used from at least the sixth century AD. Since the twelfth century, papal bulls have carried a leaden seal with the heads of the Apostles of Saint Paul and Saint Peter depicted on the obverse face with ‘SPASPE’ inscribed above; SPA for St Paul and SPE for St Peter, and the pope’s name on the reverse. In this case, ‘Martinus’ for Pope Martin with ‘PP’ (for Papa Patria or Pastor Pastorum) below and ‘V’, denoting the ‘fifth’.

ARCHIVE

Current Location

On display in St Albans Cathedral.

Catalogue Entry

Site code: SAMG EX 17.

Small finds nos: SF367, SF371 and SF372, each associated with skeleton 4155.

The three papal bullae were examined by Dr Tim Pestell of Norwich Castle Museum and Art Gallery who provided the following descriptions.

SF 367, context 4155

Legible and in reasonable condition, the obverse better than the reverse where the bust of St Peter is now largely obscured by corrosion/losses. The cord thread that ran through the bulla has caused or left wide openings to top and bottom, perhaps suggestive of string rather than silk and thus papal Letters of Justice. Reverse sealed at 355° to the obverse. The bulla is quite thick; weight 50.844g. Bulla dimensions: 38mm diameter, 5mm thickness. Thread hole dimensions: 10mm x 3mm (max.).

SF 371, context 4155

Good condition with some corrosion to the top left of the obverse and light corrosion to the reverse. The legend is highly legible and provides the opportunity for potential die flaws to be preserved. The cord thread has again left pronounced openings to top and bottom. Reverse sealed at 353° to the obverse. The bulla is again quite heavy and thick, at 48.278g. Bulla dimensions: 38mm diameter, 5mm thickness. Thread hole dimensions: 11.5mm x 5mm (max.).

SF 372, context 4155

Reasonable condition, the obverse legible but with corrosion to left and right of the obverse and partially obscuring the head of St Peter on the reverse; the reverse is in better condition. Conservation has left a heavy lacquering over the surfaces. The cord thread has left an especially prominent opening to the bottom, and a partial one to the top. Reverse sealed at 6° to the obverse. Thick and heavy at a weight of 49.849g. Bulla dimensions: 39.5mm diameter, 5mm thickness. Thread hole dimensions: 11.5mm x 6mm (max.).

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