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ANGLO-SAXON GLASS VESSELS,
THE MEADS, SITTINGBOURNE

This pair of beautiful glass cone beakers was recovered from a grave that formed part of an extensive Anglo-Saxon cemetery in the north-western area of Sittingbourne, close to the suburb of Milton Regis.

Excavations by CAT at The Meads in 2008 revealed an Anglo-Saxon cemetery site, which was focused around the much earlier remains of Bronze Age burial mounds or barrows.  Overall, some 228 graves were identified, of which almost two-thirds of the buried individuals had been interred with grave goods. Notable aspects of the cemetery include a number of high-status burials and an unusually high number of weapon burials.

Complete glass finds on archaeological sites can be rare, and it is truly remarkable that the vessels survived relatively undamaged in the ground for over 1,400 years.

Numerous discoveries of Anglo-Saxon date have been made in the Sittingbourne area and Milton Regis is thought to have been a royal estate from as early as the sixth century AD. At least nine cemeteries dated from the fifth to the ninth centuries have been identified in the locality.

Date: Anglo-Saxon, 6th - 7th century AD.

OBJECT

Origin and discovery

Cone beakers are often found as grave goods in Anglo-Saxon burials of sixth- and seventh-century date. This pair came from the grave of a high-status individual who had been buried with weapons that included a sword, shield, spear and a knife. A number of high-status people were buried at the site, indicating that the community using the Meads cemetery included a number of high-ranking individuals and families who may have been key players both locally and within the wider power-structures of the Kentish kingdom. Following the introduction of Christianity to Anglo-Saxon Kent in the late sixth century, burials accompanied with elaborate grave goods were later considered a pagan practice, and by the end of the seventh century fewer grave goods were included in burials. Pagan worship was banned in the mid seventh century. Whether the beakers were made locally or were imported currently remains unknown as further analysis is required. However, remains of Anglo-Saxon glass-making furnaces have been found in Kent and a possible production centre for disc brooches, inlaid with garnet, glass and niello, was once located at Faversham in this period. Therefore, glass vessels may also have been produced there in the later sixth and seventh centuries. Glass making in this period was directly influenced by Roman practices and a great deal of Anglo-Saxon glass was made by the melting down and recycling of Roman glass. Making glass from raw materials was more difficult. A silicate (generally sand) and an alkali (generally ash) were mixed and heated together in an oven for several days. It was then broken up, put into a crucible and melted in a furnace to produce glass, which was then blown into a variety of shapes. When made in this form, the glass was clear or slightly tinged. To make coloured glass it was necessary to add a variety of minerals. This pair of cone beakers are light blue-green in colour, and glassware is most commonly found as ranging from pale blue to pale green as these are the ‘natural’ colours of glass, caused by the presence of iron impurities in the sand. Initial observations made during the course of a watching brief in 2008 led to the surprise discovery of a Bronze Age barrow and a hitherto unknown Anglo-Saxon cemetery at The Meads site. The first graves to be identified were located within the area of the barrow, but it soon became apparent that these were part of an extensive cemetery. In all, 228 Anglo-Saxon graves were excavated. Preservation of the skeletal material was exceptionally poor. In a few instances fragments of long bones survived, but in very degraded state, and occasionally some teeth. The grave goods at the cemetery site included a range of weapons, dress accessories, personal equipment and vessels of pottery and glass. In one instance a single burial produced in excess of 300 individual beads. The cemetery probably came into use before the middle of the sixth century. The presence of members of the Kentish elite is attested by the presence of silver garnet-inlaid disc brooches that were found in three of the graves. These were produced in east Kent, presumably under Kentish royal patronage with a possible production centre being established at nearby Faversham from about AD 540 onwards. Luxury imported goods were also present. It seems likely the cemetery remained in use up to the end of the seventh century and perhaps into the early eighth. Milton Regis, now a suburb of Sittingbourne and more commonly known as Milton or Milton-next-Sittingbourne, was the centre of a royal estate in the Saxon period and controlled the area of Sittingbourne. It was possibly selected as the centre of a royal estate because of Milton Creek’s potential as a trading harbour. The glass cone beakers were found by a long-standing volunteer and friend of CAT – Don Rudd – who sadly passed away in late 2021.

Use

Cone beakers are tall, tapered drinking vessels with a pointed or rounded base and therefore they couldn’t have been placed directly on a table or surface as they would topple over. It remains unknown as to whether they were originally meant to stand in a wooden rack or some other stabilising structure. Perhaps they were simply held in the hand until the drink had been completely drained! Their inclusion as a grave good denotes a long-standing ritual tradition to send the deceased to the next world with earthly goods and sustenance. The two cone beakers were found on opposite sides of the grave towards the head end; it is probable that they had been placed either side of the head area in a somewhat unusual arrangement, with the vessels’ mouths pointed towards the head, facing each-other. One of the vessels is completely intact, the other has a hair-line crack running from its lip down much of the length of the body. Although one vessel is somewhat smaller than the other, they are both very similar in form and were clearly intended to form a (non-identical) pair. Another complete, but broken cone or bag beaker was found in a second grave on the site.

ARCHIVE

Current Location

Canterbury Archaeological Trust archives.

Catalogue Entry

Site code: TMS II EX 08

SF18401 Glass vessel. Cone beaker, on north side of head area. Weight: 81g. Length/Height: 148mm. Mouth diameter: 55mm. Glass thickness: 3.8mm

SF18402 Glass vessel. Cone beaker, on south side of head area. Weight: 91g. Length/Height: 139mm. Mouth diameter: 49mm. Glass Thickness: 4mm

Grave 184 orientated E–W. Sub-rectangular cut with sides sloped at a near vertical angle down to a flat base. L 2.45m, W 0.87m and D 0.37m. No human remains present. Other grave goods comprised a spear, shield, sword and a knife.

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