top of page
Copper-Figure-Comb-scaled.jpg

ROMAN FIGURINES,
CANTERBURY (various sites)

These beautiful Roman-period figurines were recovered from various sites across Canterbury. They are representations of gods or goddesses from the vast Roman pantheon of major and minor deities and would probably have been venerated in a household shrine. They may also have been precious, portable possessions, carried around by an individual for good luck or protection, such as a soldier travelling between encampments, or buried with the dead as a form of protection in the afterlife.

OBJECT

Origin and discovery

The clay pipe figurine of Venus was found during excavations at St Dunstan’s Terrace, which took place from December 2001 to March 2002. The site lies within a known Roman cemetery that flanks London Road and St Dunstan’s Street. In total, 23 inhumations and at least 92 cremation burials were discovered. Most of these consisted of burials of cinerary urns accompanied by one or more other vessels, although some cremations were aceramic and two involved wooden caskets. Other grave goods included the remains of hobnailed shoes (caligae), a circular copper alloy mirror, three copper alloy brooches and a small number of glass beads. ​The Venus figurine was found within a cremation burial. She was positioned almost vertically in the ground with her head pointed downwards. The figurine head was broken off in antiquity and was found 150–200mm to the west of its body, which suggests possible ritual decapitation. The feet were also broken off and missing. This indicates that the figurine was probably damaged and incomplete prior to deposition, though the feet may have been removed by post-Roman plough action due to their proximity to the ground surface. ​The clay pipe horse was found during excavations at St George’s Clocktower in 1991. Previous excavations at the site in the 1940s had revealed a Roman apsidal building in this area, which was built in the third century AD on the site of a previous large timber town house. ​Later excavations identified substantial mid third-century occupation layers and courtyard metalling that was associated with episodes of rebuilding or repair of adjacent buildings. The horse figurine was recovered from one of these substantial occupation layers along with a bronze mirror. The figurine may relate to Epona, who was a Gallo-Roman goddess who was the protector of horses, ponies, donkeys and mules. The bronze Dioscorus figurine is a representation of either Castor or Pollux, who were the twin sons of Jupiter by Leda. It is probably of southern Italian origin and dates from c 300 BC. An object of such antiquity is likely to have been a treasured amulet. The object depicts a youth wearing a pileus, or conical cap, with his right arm aloft, carrying what might be a torch in his right arm. Late Classical bronze figurines of this type were popular with soldiers in the first centuries BC or AD, and it is probably a copy of this popular form. ​The figurine was found during excavations at St John’s Lane in 1986, during which a large high-status Roman-period timber-framed building of early second-century date was revealed. This building may have extended to Roman Watling Street, and it overlay early Roman/late Iron Age rubbish pits and stake-hole scatters. ​The final object is that of a bronze figurine representing Jupiter holding his fulmen (thunderbolt) in his right hand. It was found during excavations in early 2010 and 2011 at the former Hallett’s Garage site in the St Dunstan’s area of Canterbury. The site is the location of a large, late Roman inhumation cemetery. ​Although an unstratified find, the object can be dated to the second or third century AD. It was probably intended as a grave good as it was found associated with a child burial that was disturbed or truncated by medieval, post-medieval and modern activities. Parallel figurines depict Jupiter with a spear in his raised left hand. This has been lost for our example.

Use

​These small, portable figurines provide an insight into the religious beliefs and practices of daily life in a Roman province. They may have been venerated in a household shrine, or they could have been a precious possession, carried around as a good luck charm. Their presence, within a grave, could also offer protection in the afterlife. ​Roman household shrines, niches or altars were designed for private worship and were called lararium. These were an important feature in every home and were placed in a sacred space in the house. The shrines could be modest or elaborate but generally seem to have taken up the space of a modern-day cupboard. The lararium was located near an entrance to a house or in the atrium, which was the traditional centre of the house and the site of a hearth. Small figurines of household deities were placed in the lararium and were believed to safeguard and protect the family and their home, ensuring the family’s well-being and prosperity. As a portable possession, these figurines offered a form of travelling protection. The Dioscorus is notable as it was clearly a treasured object of great antiquity when it was brought to Canterbury. Similar figurines have been identified at Wroxeter and Colchester, each of which were military sites in the Roman period. The Venus and Jupiter figurines were each recovered from a cemetery site, although their burial as grave goods is likely to have been a secondary function and they were probably initially kept within a household shrine. Figurines in Roman Britain were made from various materials including pipeclay, terracotta, bronze, silver, gold and even precious gemstones. The pipeclay Venus figurine and horse are likely to have derived from Gaul (mid–southern France) where these items were mass produced in the first to third centuries AD.

ARCHIVE

Current Location

Canterbury Archaeological Trust archives.

Catalogue Entry

‘Pipe clay’ figurine of Venus: SDT EX 01 (1410) SF601. c 150mm height. Feet missing, head present but separate from body. Possibly inscribed on back of elbow (right).

‘Pipe clay’ horse figurine: STG 91. Legs missing.

Copper alloy figurine of Dioscorus: SJ86 (171) SF527. Possibly dated to 300BC.

Copper alloy figurine of Jupiter: HGC EX 11 SF171 (unstrat). Second to third century AD, 37g, Jupiter holding a thunderbolt.

Although it was found as an unstratified find, it may possibly have been associated with a child’s grave. c 65mm height.

Clay pipe Venus figurine
Venus Figurine
Venus Figurine
Dioscurus
Lararium Arbeia
Jupiter figurine
Clay pipe horse figurine
bottom of page